2. Arrange the following historical developments chronologically.
(a) Christianity became the state religion in every European nation.
(b) The Roman empire was divided into two parts - eastern and western.
(c) The Crusaders led 8 military expeditions against the Turks.
(d) The Turks invaded and occupied the lands of the Christian ruler of the Byzantine (Roman) Empire.
3. Read the statements given below and choose the correct option.
(A) Assertion: The Crusaders contributed to the revival of Western Education and learning that paved the way for the Renaissance.
(B) Reason: The Crusaders assimilated the best elements of the Greek and Turkish cultures during their travels to the Holy Land.
(a) (A) is true but (B) is false.
(b) (A) and (B) are both true.
(c) (A) is false but (B) is true.
(d) (A) and (B) are both false.
Answer (2)
The chronological order of the historical developments is (b), (d), (c), (a). Both assertions about the contributions of the Crusaders to education and culture are true, so the correct answer is (b).
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To address the student's question, we start by arranging the historical developments chronologically. Let's break down each event and understand when they occurred:
(b) The Roman empire was divided into two parts - eastern and western.
This event took place in A.D. 395 when the Roman Empire was officially split into the Eastern Roman Empire (later known as the Byzantine Empire) and the Western Roman Empire.
(a) Christianity became the state religion in every European nation.
During the late 4th century, specifically in A.D. 380 , Christianity was declared the state religion of the Roman Empire through the Edict of Thessalonica. However, it took several centuries for Christianity to become the state religion in every European nation.
(d) The Turks invaded and occupied the lands of the Christian ruler of the Byzantine (Roman) Empire.
This refers to events that began in the 11th century, with significant invasions by the Seljuk Turks, who notably won the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 , leading to their control over large parts of Byzantine territory.
(c) The Crusaders led 8 military expeditions against the Turks.
The Crusades began in 1096 and lasted until around 1291 , involving a series of religious and military campaigns primarily aimed at recovering the Holy Land from Muslim control.
Therefore, the correct chronological order is (b), (a), (d), (c).
Now, let's consider the assertion and reason statements:
Assertion and Reason:
(A) Assertion: The Crusaders contributed to the revival of Western Education and learning that paved the way for the Renaissance.
(B) Reason: The Crusaders assimilated the best elements of the Greek and Turkish cultures during their travels to the Holy Land.
The Crusades indeed played a role in the European Renaissance, as they opened up Europe to increased trade, cultural exchanges, and the rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge through contact with the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world. The interactions introduced Europeans to advanced knowledge in sciences, philosophy, and arts that were preserved in the Arabic world. However, the primary elements were Greek and not particularly Turkish in nature.
Hence, (A) and (B) are both true as a broad relationship, though the specifics of (B) can be debated.
The chosen option is (b) - (A) and (B) are both true.
