The goal-setting theory emphasizes that specific, challenging goals lead to improved motivation and performance, supported by the need for commitment and feedback on progress. Each component outlined in the question reflects the theory's principles. Therefore, the chosen option is E: all of the above are true.
;
The goal-setting theory emphasizes that specific, challenging goals, along with an individual's commitment and feedback on progress, lead to higher performance. Each component of this theory reinforces the importance of clear targets in motivating individuals. Ultimately, all listed statements are accurate reflections of this theory. ;